How to Measure Level of Consciousness

 

The brain is the central nervous system. The brain is an organ that has an important function of the entire process of life. Although it weighs only 2.5 percent of body weight, but the brain is responsible for setting the whole body and the human mind.

In addition to the most important, the brain is also the most complex organ. Based on the results of brain research have the parts with their respective functions. Basically the human brain consists of five parts, namely the Great Brain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebellum and marrow advanced.

Each piece has a specific task that affects how the body works. Cerebral cortex is organized into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes are the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. 

Cerebrum is responsible for motor functions, associative, and mental function. Part of the brain called the basal ganglia consist of the caudate nucleus and lentikularis, internal capsule, and the amygdala, which is the extrapyramidal structures. 

This structure serves to modulating the body's voluntary movements, posture changes, and autonomic integration. The basal ganglia plays a special role in extremity movements are smooth. Damage to the basal ganglia will cause stiffness and tremors. Thalamus is the relay station for sensory and motor impulses that run to and from the brain. 

Thalamus plays a role in the control of primitive responses such as fear, self-protection, the central perception of pain, and temperature. The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus consists of the optic chiasm and neurohypophysis. Neurohypophysis responsible for the regulation of temperature, fluids, nutrients, and sexual behavior.

Awareness is the main function of the central nervous system. The interaction between the cerebral hemispheres and reticular formatio constant and effective is needed to maintain the function of consciousness. The level of awareness divided into two levels of consciousness quantitatively and qualitatively:

1. Qualitative Awareness Levels

Compos mentis

That is fully conscious, both to themselves and to their environment. the client can answer  questions the examiner properly.

Apathetic
Circumstances where the client seemed perfubctory, reticent and indifferent to the environment.

Delirium
That is accompanied by loss of consciousness and motor chaos sleep wake cycle is disrupted. Clients seem rowdy restless, chaotic, disorientation and thrashing.

Somnolence (Letargia, Obtundasi, Hypersomnia)
Namely drowsiness that can still be recovered when stimulated, but when stimulus stops, the client will fall asleep again.

Sopor (Stupor)
Deep drowsiness, Clients can still be woken up by strong stimuli, such as pain stimuli, but the client did not wake up perfect and can not give a good verbal answer.

Coma
That is a very deep loss of consciousness, no spontaneous movement and no response to pain stimulus.

2. Qualitative Awareness Levels (Glasgow Coma Scale)

Assessment awareness capabilities can be seen from the examination of the ability of orientation, judgment, abstraction, vocabulary, and memory. GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) is a way to assess the level of consciousness based on the response of the eye, speech, motor.

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The Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment.

That's an explanation of how to measure the Level of Consciousness.

Easy Ways to Get Rid Of Stretch Mark

Stretch marks are not the signs of aging and medically will not affect health, but it will make an appearance to be disturbed and make someone's confidence is reduced. The cause of stretch marks is due to the excessive stretching of the skin in a short time.

Stretch marks are divided into 2 types alba white stretch marks and stretch marks rubra pink. Some causes of stretch marks are pregnancy because the skin in the abdominal area stretching.

The next cause is due to the use of drugs containing steroids. The use of drugs such as this will give a bad effect because it can damage collagen and also lead to stretch marks. Furthermore, due to obesity, excessive weight gain in a short time, as well as lack of vitamin A, C, E.

Then, to be a bodybuilder can also cause stretch marks because of sports activities that aim to shape the body by increasing muscle mass cause stretching of the skin exceeds skin flexibility.

Teens can get stretch marks because the young man unwittingly love with foods that contain carbohydrates and fats. High calorie foods are raw materials in the formation of groups of glucocorticoid hormones. These hormones can make the atmosphere like a pregnant woman and lazy to move, eventually can make obesity or stretch marks appear.

Stretch marks can be removed that interferes using natural materials such as :

1. Potatoes
You can use a potato by making the potatoes into juice, then apply the puree potato to stretch marks area in the skin. Then, clean your skin after the solution was dried.

2. Coconut Oil
Coconut oil is the ingredient most rapidly eliminate stretch marks. Only a few times a user can make stretch marks fade.

3. Aloe Vera
The trick is not difficult, you just need to take a piece of aloe leaf and then you apply the aloe vera gel on the skin that are having problems.

4. Ground Coffee
Coffee contains high caffeine. Caffeine can help to increase blood flow, so the stretch markings will fade because the red blood cells carry nutrients that are good for the skin. How to use it is mix coffee powder with water and apply on the skin that has stretch marks.

5. Drinking water
White water is believed to help boost the skin's natural moisture. Drinking water is just the way that makes the skin that has stretch marks is not worse because when water needs in body are met, the skin will be more humid.

Do the ways above regularly. That way is a way to accelerate the loss of stretch marks because without drugs will fade stretch marks but it takes a very long time. You can also remove stretch marks by using an unnatural way by using ointment. But you must use a ointment that containing the active ingredient of synthetic vitamin A, because it can serve to inhibit the degradation of collagen in the dermis of the skin.

How To Treat Canker Sores (Apthous Stomatitis) In Baby

Canker sores is painful, lips or tongue ached because of blisters contained on the canker sores so that we become miserable when he want to eat. We are already mature enough to feel tortured canker sores, especially if the baby has not been able to express what he felt.

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Cause of canker sores are weakened immune system, allergies to food such as coffee, chocolate, cheese, nuts, and citrus fruits, stress, viruses and bacteria, trauma to the mouth, and poor nutrition, and certain medications. Increased Candida fungal infection can occur due to the baby's immune system is not yet perfect at that age, so the baby's body is also less able to fight infection attack.

Babies who suffer from canker sores will definitely fussy and would not eat. Already we can imagine what would happen if our baby experience it.

Babies who have sores that do not heal, it is feared will experience weight loss, fatigue, and shortness of breath could be seen as too often in tears due to the pain he felt.You can do these tips to treat canker sores.

1. Dietary Habit Of Mother
Babies just getting nutrients from breast milk, so that the milk quality that we provide must also be the best. Babies can experience canker sores if the mother often eat foods containing excessive sugar. Because of the high sugar content can trigger the growth of certain fungi.

To treat canker sores in infants can also be done with breastfeeding. But the condition is the mother should eat foods that rich probiotics.

2. Keeping Baby Oral Hygiene
Clean mouth must be protected from bacteria and fungi that cause health problems in the baby's mouth.

3. Using Coconut Oil Cream
We can use a traditional cream using coconut oil. Coconut oil contains natural antifungal. Apply it on your nipples to reduce the development of fungal candida.

4. Observe When Baby Bites His Lip
The baby teeth will grow at the age of 4 months to 6 months, but it is different on every baby. In early teething, the baby will usually fussy and we worry about inadvertently lips or mouth mucosa will be bitten.

In addition, when your baby’s eating do not often take the baby to joking because when he laughs and closed his mouth again, baby will bite the baby's lower lip. Then during sleep, infant sleep position must be correct so it will reduce the risk of the baby's lips bitten and injured.

5. Vitamins For Baby
Vitamins for babies should be enough, do not let the baby get vitamin deficiency. For example, the baby should get vitamin C and vitamin B that are useful to accelerate the process of wound healing.

6. Sunlight
Sunlight in the morning can avoid the canker sores in infants. This prevention can be done by getting your baby bask in the morning sun because the fungus candida will thrive in damp and dark. Keep your baby's room to get sufficient air circulation and exposure to sunlight.

Those are some ways that we can use to prevent and treat thrush in infants. May be useful for you and your baby.

8 Tips To Stop Emotional Eating

 

 

The brain has complete control of our diet. When you overeat means your brain that tells you to always eat and eat. If there is no food, you will make every effort to search for the nearest food store.

That is the suggestion that we get if we follow the desire to eat. Especially when you feel bored at home or bored with a routine that you do, you will vent boredom to the food. It will be uncontrolled diet and weight gain.

Here are 8 powerful tips to help you to stop excessive appetite:

1. Create Your Visualization

Visualization is a third vision that we have. When you look at the foods that contain high fat and fast  food, you have to imagine how healthy your body if you choose other foods, such as fish, vegetables, or a colorful salad. Your body will be protected from all kinds of diseases caused by overeating.

You can also create other unique visualization suit the way you want to imagine. Another example is when you see the food that can make your body fat, you imagine what if after the meal you gain weight and you gain weight over time until not fit through the door of your house. For imagining it was already scary especially if it becomes a reality.

2. Consumption Of Apples

Eat apples as a snack low calories throughout the day. The pectin in the apples will keep you feeling full and by snacking throughout the day you will keep your blood sugar stable and will be less Likely to overeat at night.

3. Emotionally Hungry Or Physically Hungry

Ask yourself, "Am I emotionally hungry?" Or "Am I physically hungry?". You can answer that question yourself. Note the strength of your muscles, if you are still able to lift weights or clenching your hands as strong as possible, meaning you are not hungry.

It was just the emotional impact you only. You want to always eat and eat, because your own mind. So adjust your mind to not remember eating continues.

4. Drink Hot Herbal Tea

Warm tea can make your stomach feel full, which does not make sweet tea. Because the sweetness of sugar can make your body to gain weight if you consume frequently, especially at night.

5. Brush Your Teeth

Brush your teeth immediately after eating dinner, this will make you less likely to do some late night snacking. Once your mouth feels fresh, you will definitely feel lazy to pollute back with leftovers that will stick in the teeth and gums.

6. Relax Listening Music

Before you going to bed, you should listen to the music that is slow which can make your body and mind relax. After you have finished eating and brushing your teeth, do your next activities such as watching TV or do exercise to burn calories. Afterwards, relax listening to music, then you will fall asleep and will not remember the dinner for a second time.

7. Chew Your Food

Chew your food properly, do chew ± 33 times so that the food in the mouth completely destroyed. Many events that people who are overweight growing niche to chew less then reviews those who are not overweight.

In addition, if not chewed well, some of the food will be wasted without being absorbed and there was a decay that produces a lot of toxins in the gut. That's who spend large amounts of enzymes. Make sure you chew food thoroughly to the smallest part. According to experts at Ohio State University, we need to chew soft foods as much as 5-10 times and the food was hard to chew at least 30 times as much.

8. Substitute Your Dessert With A Fruit

After dinner replace your dessert such as cake, with fresh fruits. Because sweet fruit contained in a more natural and good for your teeth and do not contain high calories.

That tips you can do to avoid excessive appetite. You are also forbidden to drink carbonated drinks and sweet, if you want to shift your appetite. Because soda and other sugary drinks are some of the main cause of obesity.

Tips To Look Great Without Make Up

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Women always have a reason to use makeup. Not many women who come across without makeup though just lipstick. Where there are women there is makeup equipment.

The reason is because women need makeup to beautify themselves, less confident without makeup, and protect face of adverse effects of sunlight. In fact, if too often use make-up and we did not cleanse the face properly, it will cause problems for the skin with ease.

Meanwhile, for those who are less confident with her appearance without makeup, we have to change the mindset that from now on. Because confident that's not how you're trying to show both something made-up but this is how you accept yourself what it is.

Naturally beautiful without makeup also can we prove to the world, because she was certainly beautiful. How to naturally beautiful without make-up are:

Sleep
Sleep is a basic need of the body after doing various activities. So that the body needs rest. Breaks that can make more beautiful face is adequate and restful sleep. The recommended sleep for health and beauty is 7-8 hours a day.

If we get enough sleep, we will wake up with a fresh face. We do not have puffy eyes, dark circles no eyes, no eye bags, no dehydrated skin and no tired looking face. With a fresh face, we can go anywhere without makeup and still look beautiful naturally.

Always Get Up Early
Waking up early is a good habit for our bodies. By waking up early in the morning we could feel the fresh morning air and the coolness that can make a healthy respiratory tract and body relax.

The benefits that we feel it would make more calm mind so that we can avoid stress. When your mind is calm, sunny face will also be reflected. Waking up the morning can also give us more time to do the exercises that can improve blood circulation throughout the body.

Compress Using Ice Cube
Compress your face with ice can make the flaws in your face becomes invisible. Because the ice packs can shrink pores and reduce eye puffiness. Beauty so that you will get a better level.

Compress Using The Coffee
The caffeine content in coffee is also used in some beauty products that take care of certain parts in the face. Coffee has the ability to Decrease puffiness and dark circles under your eyes and that it actually holds anti-inflammatory.

How to compress the lower part of your eye to make a cup of coffee is coffee without sugar then pour the ice tray. After that, put in the freezer, allow it to freeze, then you had coffee ice pack on the bottom of your eyes.

Use Bright Colors
Bright colors can help you look more bright and cheerful as well. In some studies the color has an effect that can be transferred to the body.

By using bright clothing, you will look more fresh and your mood for the better, so that your beauty will also be out. From now subtract a dark color if you want to look naturally beautiful.

Trim Eyebrows
Eyebrows are the frame of your facial beauty. You will look beautiful without eyebrow pencil if your eyebrow's neat. You can spruce up your eyebrows with an eyebrow shaver. For those who do not want to do it because there is a separate law for a particular religion, you can tidy it up with your fingers without shaving.

Healthy Food And Drinks

So many foods that contain vitamins and minerals can be ascertained that it is able to make your skin maintained from within. Consumption of vegetables and fruit and do not forget to drink 8 glasses of water a day.

Smile
A smile is the most valuable natural accessories from our face, a smile can radiate kindness, sincerity, humility, and a natural beauty that is born from the heart. Smile instantly brightens up the whole face and the whole room.

Make up only help us add a beautiful impression perfect. However, without makeup in fact we have been born naturally beautiful in a simple way. It all depends on how we look after it.

How To Stop Asthma Naturally

Inflammation that occurs in the body can not be avoided easily. The cause of inflammation is very much scattered around us.

Inflammation is a process starting from some symptoms and various diseases because it is supposed to protect us from infections and promote healing when we are Injured. Inflammation is the leading cause of asthma today and some 300 million people currently suffer from asthma.

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. Common symptoms include coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing.

It is thought to be the caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Its diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time and spirometry. 

Medical treatment is required for this condition and Often used with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (such as salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants as well.

Asthma can be treated with a wide variety of natural way or without medical treatment.

Reduce The Exposure To Inflammation Triggers
If you already know what you can make your asthma relapse, stay away from these causes. Eg asthma you increase after you eat certain foods, dust, or because you can not stand the cold air. You must be aware of the weather and environmental conditions.

You can determine what makes your asthma relapse. So subtract and stay away from these things to anticipate your asthma relapse.

Use Essential Oil
Some essential oils that you can use are eucalyptus essential oil, frankincense essential oil, and thyme essential oil. Eucalyptus essential oil can breaks up mucous and phlegm because eucalyptus is strong scent opens up the congested airways of the lung.

Eucalyptus can help airway becomes smooth again, essential oil is also great for reducing cough and cold that you suffer. Furthermore, frankincense essential oil can combats nervousness, anxiety and stress sehinggat can reduce the recurrence of asthma. Frankincense is a good expectorant for the respiratory tract.

Thyme essential oil also has the benefits of aromatherapy for patients ashtma being able to guide boosted immunity and Strengthen the respiratory system. Thyme oil is useful as an expectorant, antibacterial, and antiseptic nature.

Eat A Healthy Diet

Eat a healthy diet with foods that can increase endurance, take fish oil supplements and foods that contain a lot of vitamins. Be careful to reduce sugar, fruit juices, most grains and pasteurized dairy products.

Use Himalayan Salt Spa
Doing spa is also good for reducing asthma and recurrence. Himalayan Salt shower and spa items are normally perfect for detoxifying and purifying the skin and body. Himalayan salt spa is a popular method that has been used as a solution that can reduce the asthma.

And the last, Put The Humidifier

Use a humidifier in the house to moisturize the environment.

That’s the way that you can do to reduce and stoo your complaint. 

How To Detox Your Body

Detoxification is the metabolic pathways that reduce the levels of toxins in the body, the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the toxin molecule. Natural detoxification has occurred in the body. This is done to remove or neutralize toxins through the colon, liver, kidney, lungs, lymphatic, and skin.

The important role of detoxification by our body parts are very helpful in removing all the toxins in the body. However, in this world has been too much pollution or air pollution, all of which are toxic to our bodies.

If it continues to accumulate toxins in the body, then we will be affected by degenerative disease, cancer, etc. Avoid all of that, we need a body detox to remove all the toxins it.

A sign that we already require detoxification, are experiencing problems such as acne, body odor, constipation, diarrhea, arthritis, mood swings, headaches without cause, or trouble concentrating. More serious symptoms are such high levels of blood cholesterol, insomnia, asthma, tumors, seizures, to stroke. Thus, the body should be set up in other ways that can keep toxins out of the body.

The ways we can do to detox are:

Take Lemon and Water
Start your day with Reviews These, begin each day with a tall glass of water mixed with a few slices of lemon. This is very useful transform because it started the day as the protection and counteract the poison that will go into the body.

Eat Raw Vegetables
Most people are used to eating raw vegetables, but for the unusual should try it. Not because cooking them keeps them in their most nutritious state and Also will help to clean out your bowel.

Add Your Detox Food Items
Detox food that is useful to remove toxins in the body other than raw vegetable materials which have been mentioned above, there are also some other foods. You should include in your diet, include fruits, green foods, oranges, limes, broccoli, sprouts, kale, spinach, green tea, omega 3 oils, seeds and nuts.

Increase Your Intake Of Protein
It is known that the protein is able to increase endurance, because it increases the production of white blood cells in the body.

Fasting
Fasting is believed to reduce the toxins from the body because our digestive system works with a regular diet using a certain menu and regular dining hours.

Do A Detox Naturally With Consuming Juice
Some examples of juices that can be used as a natural detox is a blend of some particular material. For example a mixture of carrot and ginger juice, a mixture of apple and orange juice, kiwi juice and cinnamon, mango and strawberry juice, apple juice and cherry.

Detox diets have been proven a great benefit for people's health, aid in weight loss, digestion, boost mental state, increase of energy and resistance to disease. Because of the most important step to a healthier life is the change to a healthy diet. So, you must do it.

Cara Membaca Hasil Laboratorium Pemeriksaan Darah Rutin

Pemeriksaan darah rutin meliputi 6 jenis pemeriksaan, yaitu

1. Hemoglobin / Haemoglobin (Hb)
2. Hematokrit (Ht)
3. Leukosit: hitung leukosit (leukocyte count) dan hitung jenis (differential count)
4. Hitung trombosit / platelet count
5. Laju endap darah (LED) / erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
6. Hitung eritrosit (di beberapa instansi)

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Nilai normal dewasa pria 13.5-18.0 gram/dL, wanita 12-16 gram/dL, wanita hamil 10-15 gram/dL. Nilai normal anak 11-16 gram/dL, batita 9-15 gram/dL, bayi 10-17 gram/dL, neonatus 14-27 gram/dL.

Hb rendah (<10 gram/dL) biasanya dikaitkan dengan anemia defisiensi besi. Sebab lainnya dari rendahnya Hb antara lain pendarahan berat, hemolisis, leukemia leukemik, lupus eritematosus sistemik, dan diet vegetarian ketat (vegan). Dari obat-obatan : obat antikanker, asam asetilsalisilat, rifampisin, primakuin, dan sulfonamid. Ambang bahaya adalah Hb < 5 gram/dL.
Hb tinggi (>18 gram/dL) berkaitan dengan luka bakar, gagal jantung, COPD (bronkitis kronik dengan cor pulmonale), dehidrasi / diare, eritrositosis, polisitemia vera, dan pada penduduk pegunungan tinggi yang normal. Dari obat-obatan: metildopa dan gentamisin.
 

Hematokrit

Nilai normal dewasa pria 40-54%, wanita 37-47%, wanita hamil 30-46%

Nilai normal anak 31-45%, batita 35-44%, bayi 29-54%, neonatus 40-68%

Hematokrit merupakan persentase konsentrasi eritrosit dalam plasma darah. Secara kasar, hematokrit biasanya sama dengan tiga kali hemoglobin.

Ht tinggi (> 55 %) dapat ditemukan pada berbagai kasus yang menyebabkan kenaikan Hb; antara lain penyakit Addison, luka bakar, dehidrasi / diare, diabetes melitus, dan polisitemia. Ambang bahaya adalah Ht >60%.

Ht rendah (< 30 %) dapat ditemukan pada anemia, sirosis hati, gagal jantung, perlemakan hati, hemolisis, pneumonia, dan overhidrasi. Ambang bahaya adalah Ht <15%.

Leukosit (Hitung total)

Nilai normal 4500-10000 sel/mm³

Neonatus 9000-30000 sel/mm³, Bayi sampai balita rata-rata 5700-18000 sel/mm³, Anak 10 tahun 4500-13500/mm³, ibu hamil rata-rata 6000-17000 sel/mm³, postpartum 9700-25700 sel/mm³

Segala macam infeksi menyebabkan leukosit naik; baik infeksi bakteri, virus, parasit, dan sebagainya. Kondisi lain yang dapat menyebabkan leukositosis yaitu:

• Anemia hemolitik
• Sirosis hati dengan nekrosis
• Stres emosional dan fisik (termasuk trauma dan habis berolahraga)
• Keracunan berbagai macam zat
• Obat: allopurinol, atropin sulfat, barbiturat, eritromisin, streptomisin, dan sulfonamid.

Leukosit rendah (disebut juga leukopenia) dapat disebabkan oleh agranulositosis, anemia aplastik, AIDS, infeksi atau sepsis hebat, infeksi virus (misalnya dengue), keracunan kimiawi, dan postkemoterapi. Penyebab dari segi obat antara lain antiepilepsi, sulfonamid, kina, kloramfenikol, diuretik, arsenik (terapi leishmaniasis), dan beberapa antibiotik lainnya.

Leukosit (hitung jenis)

Nilai normal hitung jenis :

• Basofil 0-1% (absolut 20-100 sel/mm³)
• Eosinofil 1-3% (absolut 50-300 sel/mm³)
• Netrofil batang 3-5% (absolut 150-500 sel/mm³)
• Netrofil segmen 50-70% (absolut 2500-7000 sel/mm³)
• Limfosit 25-35% (absolut 1750-3500 sel/mm³)
• Monosit 4-6% (absolut 200-600 sel/mm³)

Penilaian hitung jenis tunggal jarang memberi nilai diagnostik, kecuali untuk penyakit alergi di mana eosinofil sering ditemukan meningkat. Peningkatan jumlah netrofil (baik batang maupun segmen) relatif dibanding limfosit dan monosit dikenal juga dengan sebutan shift to the left. Infeksi yang disertai shift to the left biasanya merupakan infeksi bakteri dan malaria. 

Kondisi noninfeksi yang dapat menyebabkan shift to the left antara lain asma dan penyakit-penyakit alergi lainnya, luka bakar, anemia perniciosa, keracunan merkuri (raksa), dan polisitemia vera.

Sedangkan peningkatan jumlah limfosit dan monosit relatif dibanding netrofil disebut shift to the right. Infeksi yang disertai shift to the rightbiasanya merupakan infeksi virus. Kondisi noninfeksi yang dapat menyebabkan shift to the right antara lain keracunan timbal, fenitoin, dan aspirin.

Trombosit

Nilai normal dewasa 150.000-400.000 sel/mm³, anak 150.000-450.000 sel/mm³.

Penurunan trombosit (trombositopenia) dapat ditemukan pada demam berdarah dengue, anemia, luka bakar, malaria, dan sepsis. Nilai ambang bahaya pada <30.000 sel/mm³.

Peningkatan trombosit (trombositosis) dapat ditemukan pada penyakit keganasan, sirosis, polisitemia, ibu hamil, habis berolahraga, penyakit imunologis, pemakaian kontrasepsi oral, dan penyakit jantung. Biasanya trombositosis tidak berbahaya, kecuali jika >1.000.000 sel/mm³.
 

Laju endap darah

Nilai normal dewasa pria <15 mm/jam pertama, wanita <20 mm/jam pertama

Nilai normal lansia pria <20 mm/jam pertama, wanita <30-40 mm/jam pertama

Nilai normal wanita hamil 18-70 mm/jam pertama

Nilai normal anak <10 mm/jam pertama

• LED yang meningkat menandakan adanya infeksi atau inflamasi, penyakit imunologis, gangguan nyeri, anemia hemolitik, dan penyakit keganasan.
• LED yang sangat rendah menandakan gagal jantung dan poikilositosis.

Hitung eritrosit

Nilai normal dewasa wanita 4.0-5.5 juta sel/mm³, pria 4.5-6.2 juta sel/mm³.

Nilai normal bayi 3.8-6.1 juta sel/mm3, anak 3.6-4.8 juta sel/mm³.

• Peningkatan jumlah eritrosit ditemukan pada dehidrasi berat, diare, luka bakar, perdarahan berat, setelah beraktivitas berat, polisitemia, anemiasickle cell.
• Penurunan jumlah eritrosit ditemukan pada berbagai jenis anemia, kehamilan, penurunan fungsi sumsum tulang, malaria, mieloma multipel, lupus, konsumsi obat (kloramfenikol, parasetamol, metildopa, tetrasiklin, INH, asam mefenamat)

Sumber : www.rhesusnegatif.com